"China has the world’s top EV industry and dominates the global lithium supply chain: About 70% of all lithium is processed there. As other nations race to catch up, Beijing has leaned into its long-standing role as a major investor in mining in Africa. In Zimbabwe, China’s relations with the government are particularly close, dating to when it backed eventual dictator Robert Mugabe’s guerilla faction during the struggle for liberation in the 1960s. Mugabe’s successor, President Emmerson Mnangagwa, has supported Chinese takeovers of lithium mines, arguing they will bring economic growth for a country where close to half the population lives in poverty.
But many residents in mining areas in Zimbabwe say the relationship with China is one of exploitation. The lithium boom has created little benefit for their communities, they argue, and in many ways has harmed them. Residents say they’ve been displaced from their homes by expanding operations at Chinese-run mines with little or no compensation. They say farmland has been degraded and water supplies contaminated. Some residents have complained that well-paying jobs in the mines are often filled by workers imported from China or Zimbabwe’s cities, while unions have criticized conditions and pay. Security crackdowns at the mines have resulted in arrests of illicit miners.
“China is seeing Zimbabwe as a colony, and it has marked it as its territory,” Farai Maguwu, executive director of the Centre for Natural Resource Governance, a research and advocacy group in Harare, told Rest of World. Zimbabwe’s mining sector has long been allegedly intertwined with the financial interests of government and military elites. But Maguwu accused Beijing of helping to further an environment of unaccountability in which Zimbabwe’s leaders “don’t take action to protect the integrity of their own people” — echoing critiques of Chinese mining operations around the continent."
https://restofworld.org/2025/zimbabwe-lithium-mining-boom/